Artifacts & texts

16 witnesses, oldest first

Objects and texts that carry the name or a related form. Each has a date range, a find-site or place of composition, and an evidence status. Undated textual traditions are listed last.

AttestedTransmittedReconstructionHypothesisDisputed
Disputed A-SOLEB

Soleb Shasu-land list

Monumental Egyptian toponym list · Soleb, Sudan

c. 1390–1352 BCE1 attestation
Disputed A-AMARAH

Amarah West Shasu-land list

Monumental Egyptian toponym list · Amarah West, Sudan

c. 1279–1213 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-MESHA

Mesha Stele, AO 5066

Royal victory stele · Dhiban/Dibon, Moab

c. 850–805 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-KA

Kuntillet ʿAjrud inscriptions

Pottery/plaster/stone inscriptions · Kuntillet ʿAjrud, Sinai

c. 820–740 BCE2 attestations
Attested A-KETEF

Ketef Hinnom silver amulets

Silver-foil inscriptions · Jerusalem

c. 650–580 BCE1 attestation
Disputed A-ARAD18

Arad Ostracon 18

Ostracon letter · Tel Arad, Judah

c. 600–580 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-LACHISH2

Lachish Letter 2

Ostracon letter · Tel Lachish, Judah

c. 590–585 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-LACHISH3

Lachish Letter 3

Ostracon letter · Tel Lachish, Judah

c. 590–585 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-ELE-D49

Elephantine documentary papyrus, TAD D.4.9

Papyrus fragment · Elephantine, Egypt

c. 500–400 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-ELE-C315

Elephantine temple assessment, TAD C.3.15

Papyrus · Elephantine, Egypt

c. 500–400 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-ELE-A47

Elephantine temple petition, TAD A.4.7

Papyrus · Elephantine, Egypt

c. 420–400 BCE1 attestation
Attested A-4Q120

4Q120 / 4QLXXLevb

Greek scriptural papyrus · Qumran

c. 100–1 BCE1 attestation
Disputed A-CLEMENT

Clement of Alexandria, Stromata V.6

Patristic literary text · Alexandria / later copied manuscripts

c. 190–220 CE2 attestations
Transmitted A-THEODORET

Theodoret, Questions on Exodus 15

Patristic literary text · Cyrrhus / Byzantine world

c. 430–460 CE2 attestations
Transmitted A-EXODUS3

Exodus 3:14–15 (received Hebrew text)

Biblical text · Textual tradition; historical composition debated

Undated1 attestation
Transmitted A-PSALM68

Psalm 68:5 (received Hebrew text)

Biblical text · Textual tradition; historical composition debated

Undated1 attestation